Chiropractic Care and Parkinsonian Disorders: Improving Mobility and Quality of Life

Understanding Parkinsonian Disorders and Their Challenges

Parkinsonian disorders refer to a group of neurological conditions that cause Parkinson-like symptoms, including the classic Parkinson’s disease (PD) as well as related syndromes such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration, and others. All of these conditions share core motor features – notably tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), impaired balance, and characteristic gait/posture disturbances. For example, people with Parkinson’s often develop a stooped posture, shuffling gait, and balance difficulties, especially as the disease progresses. In addition to the motor symptoms, many patients experience significant musculoskeletal pain and stiffness as a non-motor complication. In fact, pain is a frequent complaint in PD – studies indicate that between 40% and 75% of Parkinson’s patients suffer from chronic pain, which significantly impacts their quality of life pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. This pain often stems from factors like muscle rigidity, joint stress from abnormal posture, and lack of movement.

Standard medical treatment for Parkinson’s typically centers on medications (like levodopa and other dopamine-based therapies) to manage motor symptoms. While these drugs can be effective initially, their benefits often wane over time and they do little to address musculoskeletal issues such as pain, rigidity, or postural deformities. This is where complementary approaches like chiropractic care come into play. Chiropractic is a healthcare discipline focused on the spine, nervous system, and musculoskeletal system. Chiropractors use hands-on adjustments and other therapies to correct misalignments (subluxations), improve joint mobility, and reduce nervous system interference. For individuals with Parkinson’s and related disorders, chiropractic care aims to enhance mobility, reduce pain, and improve functional posture and balance – all of which can greatly improve day-to-day living.

It’s important to note that Parkinson’s disease and most Parkinsonian syndromes are neurodegenerative and currently have no cure. No therapy, including chiropractic, can reverse the underlying disease process. However, by addressing the secondary effects on the musculoskeletal system and nervous system, chiropractic interventions may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Parkinsonian disorders often require a multidisciplinary approach, combining medication, physical therapy, exercise, and potentially chiropractic or other complementary therapies to optimize patient outcomes. Many patients and their healthcare providers are increasingly interested in how chiropractic care can fit into this holistic management plan for Parkinson’s disease, MSA, PSP, and related conditions.

How Chiropractic Care Can Help Parkinson’s Patients

Chiropractic care targets the spine and nervous system, which is highly relevant given that Parkinsonian disorders involve dysfunction in the central nervous system and often lead to biomechanical changes. Here are several key ways chiropractic may benefit those with Parkinson’s and similar disorders:
 

• Improving Posture and Spinal Alignment: Parkinson’s often causes a forward-flexed posture and reduced spinal mobility. Chiropractic adjustments can help restore movement in spinal joints and re-align the posture. By correcting a stooped posture and improving spinal curvature, chiropractors aim to reduce strain on muscles and joints. In one case study, radiographic analysis showed that after chiropractic treatment a Parkinson’s patient’s spinal alignment improved markedly – the forward head carriage and stooped posture were significantly reduced, leading to a more upright stance pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Better posture not only eases musculoskeletal pain but can also improve balance and confidence in mobility.
   

• Reducing Rigidity and Muscle Stiffness: Gentle spinal manipulations and mobilization of the neck, back, and limbs can help relax tight muscles and decrease rigidity. Parkinsonian rigidity often contributes to joint pain and restricted range of motion. Chiropractic techniques, including soft tissue therapy and stretching, can alleviate this stiffness. For example, a case report of a 68-year-old Parkinson’s patient with severe neck rigidity and hand contractures documented significant relief after a course of multimodal chiropractic rehabilitation – the patient’s neck pain resolved and range of motion in her hands improved, easing the “striatal hand” deformity that had limited her daily activities pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. By restoring some flexibility, chiropractic care can make it easier for patients to perform daily tasks and exercises.
   

• Enhancing Balance and Proprioception: Many chiropractors emphasize that spinal adjustments may improve the communication between the body and brain via the nervous system. Proper alignment of the upper cervical spine (neck) is thought to reduce nerve interference and improve proprioceptive feedback – the body’s sense of position – which is crucial for balance. Some Parkinson’s patients have balance problems and a tendency to fall. Chiropractic care (especially techniques focusing on the upper neck) might help by optimizing vestibular and proprioceptive function. Notably, a case study using upper cervical chiropractic reported a 70% improvement in mobility and a significant decrease in falls over six months of care journal.parker.edu. The patient, who had previously experienced frequent falls due to imbalance, was able to walk more steadily after her atlas (C1) misalignment was corrected, suggesting better nervous system integration of balance reflexes.
   

• Relieving Pain and Discomfort: As mentioned, musculoskeletal pain is common in Parkinson’s and atypical parkinsonism. Chiropractic adjustments, along with adjunct therapies like massage or therapeutic exercises, can help alleviate back pain, neck pain, and limb pain. In one report, a 59-year-old man with Parkinson’s had been suffering from worsening low back pain and stiffness that interfered with walking. After a regimen of 35 chiropractic sessions, he experienced complete resolution of his back pain, and objective tests showed improved gait stability and stride length pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Reducing chronic pain not only makes patients more comfortable but can also improve their sleep and mood – secondary benefits that are very valuable in degenerative conditions.
   

• Potential Neurological Benefits: An emerging area of research is how chiropractic spinal adjustments might directly influence brain and nervous system function. A recent pilot study used EEG (electroencephalography) to examine brain activity in people with Parkinson’s disease before and after a single chiropractic adjustment. Interestingly, the chiropractic treatment led to measurable changes in the brain’s electrical activity – specifically, increased power across multiple frequency bands and enhanced connectivity within the brain’s default mode network (which is associated with integrated brain function) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. These findings suggest that chiropractic adjustments can produce neurophysiological changes that may correlate with improved central nervous system function. Although this line of research is still preliminary, it supports chiropractic practitioners’ observations that patients sometimes report not just musculoskeletal improvements but also clearer thinking or slightly better motor control following adjustments.
   

In summary, the rationale for chiropractic in Parkinsonian disorders is to address the secondary complications – the aches, pains, rigidity, and postural issues – thereby indirectly supporting better mobility and function. Some chiropractors also hypothesize that by correcting spinal misalignments (especially in the upper neck), they can reduce stress on the brainstem and improve cerebrospinal fluid flow, potentially slowing neurodegeneration. Indeed, one retrospective analysis found evidence that neck injuries and misalignments might be linked to Parkinson’s in some patients, and that correcting upper cervical subluxations can possibly arrest or even reverse the progression of the disease vertebralsubluxationresearch.com. While this claim is provocative and not yet proven by large trials, it underscores the potential importance of spinal health in neurological conditions.

Evidence of Benefit: Case Studies and Clinical Reports

A growing number of case studies and patient reports have documented improvements in Parkinson’s symptoms and daily functioning with chiropractic care. These reports, published in chiropractic and integrative medicine journals, provide compelling qualitative evidence of what chiropractic can do for Parkinsonian patients. Below, we highlight several notable examples from the literature:
 

• Improved Gait, Posture, and Quality of Life: Chu et al. (2021) presented the case of a 59-year-old man with Parkinson’s disease who underwent 11 weeks of chiropractic care for low back pain and gait instability. After treatment, the patient showed significant improvement in multiple areas: his low back pain was resolved (pain score dropped to 0), his Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) scores (which measure quality of life) improved both physically and mentally, and objective gait analysis showed a steadier, more symmetrical walking pattern pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Even his spinal posture improved on follow-up X-rays, with a more normal alignment of the head and spine pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. These changes translated to better balance and the ability to walk more normally, greatly enhancing his independence in daily activities.
   

• Relief of Musculoskeletal Deformities: In a 2022 case report, a 68-year-old woman with advanced PD suffered from severe neck pain and an extreme flexed-finger deformity known as “striatal hand.” Traditional medical treatments (medications, steroid injections, etc.) had little effect on her debilitating stiffness. However, after 9 months of multimodal chiropractic rehabilitation – including spinal adjustments, muscle stimulation, and posture exercises – her results were impressive: the patient’s neck pain completely resolved, her PDQ scores showed marked improvement, and even the hand contractures loosened enough to restore some function in her fingers pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. X-rays and posture analysis confirmed a straighter, more upright posture post-treatment pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Although her Parkinson’s disease itself was not “cured,” this case demonstrates that chiropractic-centered care can correct secondary orthopedic issues, thereby reducing pain and disability in a Parkinson’s patient.
   

• Reduction of Tremors and Need for Assistive Devices: Chiropractors have reported cases where patients’ classic Parkinson’s tremors and mobility markedly improved under care. For instance, Bova & Sergent (2014) documented an 81-year-old man with a 12-year history of PD who had severe tremors (especially in one hand) and was reliant on a walker. They employed a combination of chiropractic spinal adjustments and adjunct therapies (including vibration and eye movement exercises). Within the first week, the patient experienced a noticeable reduction in his tremors and improved ease of walking – he could ambulate more comfortably and with less dependence on his walker atlas.chiro.org. Over two months, his handwriting and posture also improved, and his score on a Parkinson’s symptom questionnaire (PDQ-39) dropped from 15 (severe impairment) to 9, reflecting a better quality of life journal.parker.edu. This case is particularly encouraging because it involved an elderly patient in the later stages of Parkinson’s, yet even then, alternative treatments including chiropractic made a meaningful difference in his symptoms atlas.chiro.org.
   

• Symptom Reversal with Upper Cervical Adjustments: Upper cervical chiropractic techniques (which focus on the top vertebrae in the neck) have shown some striking results in Parkinson’s cases. One published case by Bello (2011) described a 66-year-old female Parkinson’s patient who suffered from left-hand tremors, fatigue, depression, and generalized rigidity – all starting after a fall that injured her neck. After receiving a precise, light-force adjustment to her atlas (C1) vertebra, she reported immediate and sustained relief: her resting tremor disappeared, her depression lifted, muscle tightness throughout her body released, and she even regained strength and use in her previously weak left arm and leg journal.parker.edu. Follow-ups indicated these improvements persisted, highlighting how correcting upper neck misalignments might unleash the body’s inherent healing potential. Another upper cervical case series by chiropractor Erin Elster tracked 37 Parkinson’s patients over 1–5 years of care; notably, 34 out of 37 patients (92%) showed symptomatic improvement and none experienced further disease progression during the observation period
  journal.parker.edu. Some patients had substantial improvements, others moderate or minor, but stabilizing the condition and halting progression in a majority is remarkable for a progressive disorder like PD.
   

• Better Mobility and Less Rigidity: In one case series, Dr. Megan Malachowski reported on three Parkinson’s patients who received upper cervical adjustments over several months. All three had notable drops in their Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores, a standard measure of Parkinsonian disability. For example, one patient’s UPDRS score improved from 39 (before care) to 16 after 3 years of periodic chiropractic care journal.parker.edu. Patients also showed objective gains in neurological exams – e.g. improved reflexes, better coordination – and subjectively found it easier to stand up from chairs and hold their heads upright after treatment journal.parker.edujournal.parker.edu.
  
  Similarly, another case by Chung (2011) observed incremental improvements over a 6-month period: after upper cervical corrections, the patient’s limb weakness improved by 70%, tremors by 60%, rigidity by 30%, and importantly she had far fewer falls as her balance and mobility grew more stable journal.parker.edu. These reports reinforce that chiropractic adjustments can lead to tangible functional gains – patients move more freely, with less stiffness and safer balance.
   

• Quality of Life and Independence: Beyond specific motor symptoms, chiropractic care often yields an overall boost in quality of life for Parkinson’s sufferers. Patients frequently report they can perform daily tasks with less assistance, have more energy, and feel more positive when their pain and stiffness are relieved. In one illustrative case, a 58-year-old woman with Parkinson’s had been struggling with upper back pain and progressive disability. After a course of diversified chiropractic adjustments, she not only noted reduced pain but also an uplift in her mood and coping ability; her family observed that she was more active and engaged in life again journal.parker.edujournal.parker.edu. Another patient under upper cervical care found he could cut down his Parkinson’s medication by half after six months because his tremors and walking had improved so muchjournal.parker.edu. Regaining even a bit of independence – like walking without a walker or writing legibly again – is hugely empowering for patients, and these case outcomes show chiropractic’s potential to provide that benefit.
   

It bears mentioning that these case studies, while highly encouraging, are individual reports and not large clinical trials. Nevertheless, they consistently point in the same direction: chiropractic interventions tend to lead to decreased Parkinson’s symptoms and enhanced daily function, without significant adverse effects reported. The convergence of results – pain relief, better posture, easier movement, reduced tremors – across many independent cases builds a persuasive argument that chiropractic is beneficial for many Parkinson’s patients. This positive evidence is especially notable given that conventional medicine has limited options for addressing issues like posture and rigidity in Parkinson’s.
Clinical Research and Trials on Chiropractic for Parkinson’s
Research specifically studying chiropractic care in Parkinson’s disease is still emerging, but some formal studies have been conducted to test its effects:
 

• Gait Improvement in Controlled Trials: A landmark study by Wells et al. (1999) evaluated the immediate effects of manual therapy on gait in Parkinson’s patients using a controlled design. In this study, Parkinson’s patients were randomly assigned to receive a session of real osteopathic manipulation (a hands-on treatment similar in spirit to chiropractic) or a sham treatment. Gait analyses were performed before and after. The results were clear – the patients who received the real manual adjustments showed significant increases in stride length and limb velocity (speed of movement) compared to their pre-treatment gait, whereas those who got the sham treatment had no significant changes journal.parker.edu. In practical terms, this means a single session of targeted manual therapy enabled Parkinson’s patients to walk with bigger steps and a faster, more stable gait. Normal healthy controls and the sham-treated group showed no improvements, underscoring that the active treatment made the difference journal.parker.edu. This controlled trial provides scientific support that spinal or osteopathic manipulation can acutely improve motor performance in Parkinson’s disease.
   

• Improved Balance and Motor Scores: More recently, a small crossover clinical trial in 2016 examined the effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) on Parkinson’s patients over several weeks. Participants alternated between receiving OMT and receiving only counseling, and were evaluated with standard scales like the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and balance tests. The study found that during the period when patients were receiving the hands-on manipulation, their UPDRS motor scores improved more than during the control period, and this difference was statistically significant journal.parker.edu. Additionally, certain balance measures showed improvement after the manipulation therapy. This suggests that manual therapies (akin to chiropractic adjustments) can produce measurable, meaningful benefits in Parkinson’s motor function beyond placebo. While this was a small trial, it adds to the credibility of chiropractic/OMT as a complementary therapy in Parkinson’s care.
   

• Neurophysiological Studies: We mentioned earlier the 2024 pilot study using EEG to observe brain changes. To elaborate, this randomized crossover trial involved Parkinson’s patients (and a comparison group of Alzheimer’s patients) receiving a real chiropractic cervical adjustment in one session and a sham adjustment in another. The EEG recordings revealed that, although clinical symptoms didn’t change after just one session, there were notable brain activity alterations. Specifically, after the real chiropractic adjustment, Parkinson’s patients showed increases in EEG alpha, beta, and theta brain wave power and greater functional connectivity in brain networks pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. These changes hint at enhanced neurological integration post-adjustment. Such findings are exciting as they provide a window into how chiropractic might exert its effects on a neurological level – by modulating central nervous system activity. Future larger studies will need to correlate these brain changes with symptom improvements, but this research is an important step in bridging chiropractic care with modern neuroscience.
   

Overall, the research that has been done, despite being relatively limited in scale, consistently indicates positive outcomes from spinal manipulation or chiropractic care in Parkinson’s disease. Reviewers of the literature have noted that virtually all documented cases and trials report some level of symptom relief for patients journal.parker.edu. A recent literature review concluded that spinal manipulation “appears to have a positive outcome for patients” with Parkinson’s, with multiple reports of decreased symptom severity – offering promise for those who suffer from these disorders journal.parker.edu. In short, the scientific evidence, though still growing, aligns with the clinical case reports: chiropractic interventions tend to improve life for Parkinson’s patients. There is a consensus that more rigorous research (large-scale trials) is needed, but the existing data are very encouraging for patients and practitioners alike.

Applicability to Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders

While most of the documented evidence focuses on idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, the principles of chiropractic care can logically extend to other Parkinsonian disorders such as MSA, PSP, and others. These conditions often present with even more severe posture and gait problems. For example, PSP patients typically have pronounced postural instability and might fall backwards, and MSA patients can have significant rigidity and autonomic dysfunction. Although these atypical syndromes have their differences from Parkinson’s disease, they share common features like muscle stiffness, balance impairment, and pain – all issues that chiropractic treatments target.

Chiropractic care in Parkinsonian syndromes would be tailored to the individual but generally might include gentle adjustments to address spinal misalignments, mobilization of stiff joints (for instance, many PSP patients develop neck extension posture issues that could benefit from careful neck adjustments), and soft tissue work to reduce muscle tone. By improving alignment and easing musculoskeletal strain, chiropractic can help reduce secondary complications of these disorders. Patients with MSA or PSP often struggle with things like neck and back pain due to rigidity and dystonia – alleviating that pain through manual therapy can improve their comfort and ability to participate in physical therapy or daily activities.

Although we do not yet have large published case series for conditions like PSP or MSA specifically, it stands to reason that many of the benefits observed in Parkinson’s disease could also apply to related parkinsonian conditions. For instance, if a patient with MSA has a forward-hunched posture and severe lower back pain, chiropractic adjustments and posture correction exercises could potentially straighten their posture somewhat and relieve the back pain, just as in a PD case. Indeed, some chiropractic clinicians have reported individual successes – such as improved balance and fewer falls – in patients with these atypical disorders (often these are shared as case anecdotes in practice circles). The key is that chiropractic care focuses on optimizing the function of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which is a foundation of health that transcends the exact diagnosis. Thus, even in neurodegenerative conditions that cannot be cured, maintaining spinal health and joint mobility is profoundly important.

Patients with atypical Parkinsonian syndromes should always be evaluated thoroughly, and chiropractic adjustments in such cases should be performed by practitioners experienced in neurological conditions, given that these patients can be fragile. But when done appropriately, chiropractic is a safe, non-pharmacological intervention that may provide relief where standard medicine is limited. As part of a comprehensive care plan – alongside neurologist care, medications, and physiotherapy – chiropractic offers hope of better managing the daily challenges of these tough diseases.

Conclusion

Chiropractic care has emerged as a valuable complementary therapy for Parkinson’s disease and related Parkinsonian disorders, focusing on improving what matters most to patients: their mobility, comfort, and ability to live life to the fullest extent possible. While chiropractic cannot cure Parkinson’s or halt these diseases in their tracks, it can play a pivotal role in symptom management and functional improvement. The authoritative cases and preliminary studies we’ve discussed illustrate several key takeaways:
 

• Better Movement and Less Pain: Chiropractic adjustments and therapies consistently help reduce rigidity, ease pain, and enhance posture and gait in Parkinson’s patients pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Patients often find they can walk more steadily, with longer strides and improved balance, after incorporating chiropractic into their regimen. Many also report that chronic aches – whether it’s low back pain from a shuffling gait or neck pain from dystonic muscles – diminish or resolve with regular chiropractic care pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
   

• Improved Daily Function: By reducing tremors, improving range of motion, and building a more stable posture, chiropractic enables Parkinson’s sufferers to regain abilities and independence. Cases have shown patients no longer needing walkers or being able to dress and write again on their own thanks to the improvements gained atlas.chiro.org journal.parker.edu. Even basic actions like rising from a chair or turning in bed can become easier. This translates into a higher quality of life and can even allow for reduction in medication in some instances journal.parker.edu (under a doctor’s guidance).
   

• Possible Slowing of Decline: There are indications (though not yet definitively proven) that chiropractic care might help slow the progression of Parkinson’s symptoms. In one study, the vast majority of patients under upper cervical chiropractic care not only felt better symptomatically but also showed no further disease progression during years of care journal.parker.edu. This raises fascinating questions about whether improving spinal-neural function could have neuroprotective effects. More research is needed, but it’s a hopeful prospect that aligns with patients’ anecdotal reports of “holding steady” longer than expected when they receive regular chiropractic treatments.
   

• Holistic and Multidisciplinary Care: Perhaps one of the most persuasive arguments for chiropractic is that it addresses aspects of Parkinsonian disorders that medications do not – musculoskeletal health, posture, and neurological signaling from the body. Chiropractic does not conflict with medical treatments; it complements them. An ideal Parkinson’s care plan is multidisciplinary pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, and chiropractic fits well alongside drug therapy, physical therapy (e.g. LSVT BIG exercises), occupational therapy, and nutritional support. By keeping the spine aligned and the body flexible, chiropractic may actually enhance the effectiveness of other therapies (for example, a patient free of back pain can exercise more vigorously in rehab sessions).
   

In an authoritative and persuasive sense, the evidence in favor of chiropractic for Parkinson’s is hard to ignore. From individual case recoveries – like a patient’s tremor vanishing after an atlas adjustment journal.parker.edu – to measured outcomes – like significant gait improvements in controlled trials journal.parker.edu – the trend is clear: chiropractic care benefits many Parkinsonian patients. All Parkinson’s and Parkinson-plus disorder patients deserve a comprehensive approach to their care, and including chiropractic could mean the difference between a life of severe limitations and one where symptoms are managed and abilities preserved as much as possible. Every person is unique, so results will vary, but given the safety profile of chiropractic and the dramatic improvements seen in many cases, exploring chiropractic care is a worthwhile and promising avenue for those looking to improve their condition.

By focusing on the whole person – nervous system, muscles, joints, and wellbeing – chiropractic provides hope and help to individuals with Parkinson’s disease, MSA, PSP, and other parkinsonian conditions. It champions the idea that even in the face of progressive illness, we can work to restore balance and function to the body. The persuasive conclusion from current knowledge is that chiropractic care can indeed help Parkinson’s patients, enabling them to move better, hurt less, and live more fully. For anyone grappling with a Parkinsonian disorder, chiropractic offers an empowering addition to their care plan – one that is grounded in improving the fundamentals of movement and health, and thereby improving the overall quality of life.

References
 

1. Chu EC, Wong AY, Lee LY. Chiropractic care for low back pain, gait and posture in a patient with Parkinson's disease: a case report and brief review. AME Case Reports. 2021;5:34. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

2. Chu EC, Chen AT, Chiang R. Chiropractic care of Parkinson’s disease and deformity. J Med Life. 2022;15(5):717-722. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

3. Bova J, Sergent A. Chiropractic management of an 81-year-old man with Parkinson disease signs and symptoms. J Chiropr Med. 2014;13(2):116-120. atlas.chiro.org

4. Bello R. Symptomatic improvement in a patient with Parkinson's disease subsequent to upper cervical chiropractic care: a case study. J Upper Cervical Chiropr Res. 2011 (June 13);31-38. journal.parker.edu

5. Chung SC. Improvement in Parkinson’s disease symptoms following upper cervical chiropractic care: a case study. 2011. (Case report summarized in literature review) journal.parker.edu

6. Friedman M, et al. Improved health outcomes in a Parkinson’s disease patient undergoing upper cervical chiropractic care. 2017. (Case report summarized in literature review) journal.parker.edu

7. Elster EL. Eighty-one patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease undergoing upper cervical chiropractic care to correct vertebral subluxation: a retrospective analysis. J Vert Sublux Res. 2004 (Aug 2):1-9. journal.parker.edu

8. Wells MR, et al. Standard osteopathic manipulative treatment acutely improves gait performance in Parkinson’s disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99(2):92-98. journal.parker.edu

9. Navid MS, et al. The effects of chiropractic spinal adjustment on EEG in adults with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized cross-over trial. J Integr Neurosci. 2024;23(5):98. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

10. Bartlett J, et al. The effect of spinal manipulation as complementary therapy for Parkinson’s disease symptomatology: a literature review. J Contemp Chiropr. 2019;2(1): (summarizing 14 studies on chiropractic and PD). journal.parker.edu